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The ‘Ox-faced boy’ was presented as tangible proof of the brutal result of bestial infection. Moseley marked the animalistic transformation and Rowley published exaggerated portraits of Gillray-esque figures, supposedly drawn from life. In 1805 Dr Rowley, who derived his living from the impugned technique of inoculating with smallpox, claimed to have found it and to have showed it to Moseley. The search was on for proof of the bestial consequences of being inseminated with animal disease. Vaccination was not only dangerous, it was immoral. Moseley played not only on the taint of venereal disease, but also on the fragility and sanctity of the human, warning of a hybrid and brutal progeny. Having built a wooden cow and covered it with cowhide, she had hidden inside it in order to receive her desired mate. Pasiphaë, cursed by Poseidon, had copulated with a bull. His classical reference might pass us by, but the invocation of bestiality would have been obvious to the educated in 1800. He asked:Ĭan any person say what may be the consequence of introducing the Lues Bovilla, a bestial humour – into the human frame, after a long lapse of years? Who knows, besides, what ideas may rise in the course of time, from a brutal fever having excited its incongruous impressions on the brain? Who knows, also, but that the human character may undergo strange mutations from quadrupedan sympathy and that some modern Pasiphaë may rival the fables of old? While Jenner had styled cowpox Variolae Vaccinae, smallpox of the cow, Moseley called it Lues Bovilla, bovine syphilis, with all the long-term mental and nervous consequences of the human ‘ pox’.
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The prominent physician Benjamin Moseley was the culprit in chief, responding to the ‘Cowmania’ in 1800 with a series of concerns. Gillray’s caption directs us to the publications of the ‘Anti-Vaccine Society’: not a formal body, but a reference to Jenner’s principal opponents. The image reflects the intensity of the debates and fears around vaccination. The faces of others are marked by monstrous eruptions of ‘the pox’. The pregnant hag on the extreme right seems at once to vomit and give birth to bovine progeny, while behind her another matron sprouts the satyr-like horns of the beast. The image is shot through with innuendo about sexual transgression (communing with the beast) and venereal disease (syphilis). To the right, those already vaccinated undergo a series of horrors caused by contamination with animal disease. The patient has previously been ‘opened’ by a special brew. Jenner stands centrally, penetrating the arm of a terrified patient with ‘vaccine pock, hot from ye cow’. James Gillray’s popular 1802 print of the bestial effects of cowpox strikes the modern viewer as ridiculous: cows emerging from heads, trunks and limbs. Nevertheless, when Jenner’s Inquiry into the matter finally appeared in 1798, explaining how an animal disease would prevent a human one without resorting to dangerous inoculation, it attracted as much odium as it garnered support. Inoculation, however, killed many who underwent it, and left the rest fully contagious. Until then, children were commonly inoculated with smallpox itself, which usually resulted in a light dose of the disease. The original ‘vaccine’, named after the cow from which it came, was a massive step forward in smallpox prevention. Opponents likened vaccination to bestiality and compared the vaccine itself to a beastly sexual disease. ( Welcome Library, London)Īt the turn of the 19th century, Edward Jenner’s method for preventing smallpox summoned the spectre of sinful flesh.
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Anxieties about vaccination are as old as vaccination itself. The thoroughly debunked notion that the MMR vaccine causes autism is still at large, and with it a cluster of nebulous fears of Big Pharma conspiracies and the risks of contaminating children with manufactured diseases. Measles, for example, is entirely preventable, but remains among us because of concerns that the vaccine prophylactic is worse than the disease. Opponents of vaccination, meanwhile, are fanning the flames of fear.
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The news is rife with fearful accounts of disease - influenza is epidemic and measles is re-emergent - and debates about how to inoculate against them.